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Research-proven health benefits:
The following are extracted from published clinical studies, in-house studies, and/or case studies and are for reference purposes only. This does not imply that the product from Lifestream Group Pte Ltd is claimed to replicate the same results produced in the studies. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any questions about a medical condition, please consult your physician or other qualified healthcare providers. Any statements or claims made have not been evaluated by the relevant regulatory bodies and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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1. Yunzhi (Turkey Tail) (https://www.lifestreamgroup.com/bioactive-organic-yunzhi-ultra)
Complement cancer treatments
In this animal test, mice were treated with 3 doses of natural anticancer glucan extracted from yunzhi (turkey tail) (40, 100, 200 mg/kg body weight) for 9 days. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in relative spleen and thymus weight and a decrease (p < 0.01) in tumor weight at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, as well as an increase in immune cell activity (macrophage phagocytosis). Spleen and thymus are important immune system organs. Besides, in vitro study showed the glucans extracted from turkey tail reduced proliferation of S-180 murine Sarcoma cancer cell line. These findings suggest anti-tumor activity of Turkey tai’s glucan via its immunomodulation activity.
Manage bacterial infection
Yunzhi (turkey tail) is one of the most researched medicinal mushrooms for its medicinal properties. This mushroom has been suggested to provide protection against bacterial and viral infections. When the body is invaded by invaded by bacteria or viruses, B cells (a specific type of white blood cells) produce antibodies. Yunzhi (turkey tail) encourages the body to produce more B cells in a process known as B-cell activation, thereby protecting the bodies from infections.
In bacterial infections, Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial human pathogen that is frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It causes a wide range of clinical manifestations, such as boils and painful rashes. Salmonella infection is another common bacterial disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract. Salmonella enterica is known to cause inflammation of gastrointestinal tract, enteric fever and blood poisoning in humans worldwide.
In this in vitro study, yunzhi (turkey tail) extract was found to suppress the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. This suggests that yunzhi (turkey tail) extract can potentially be used to develop nutraceuticals or drugs effective against pathogenic microorganisms.
Improve gut health
The gut hosts about 100 trillion live microorganisms that promote normal gastrointestinal function, fights off infection and regulates the immune system. The gut wall houses 70% of the cells that make up the immune system. Hence, keeping a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the gut is crucial for maintaining a strong immune system. Like most mushrooms, turkey tail contains prebiotics, that helps nourish good bacteria in the gut and maintain healthy digestion.
In this clinical trial, 22 healthy volunteers were orally administered 3600 mg polysaccharopeptide (prebiotic) from turkey tail (PSP) or control for 8 weeks. Their stool specimens were analysed over the 8 weeks. Consistent with its activity as a prebiotic, the group administered with PSP observed beneficial changes in gut bacteria and suppressed growth of the possibly problematic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Shigella bacteria. These findings suggest that yunzhi (turkey tail) may be helpful in keeping a balance of gut bacteria and thus, improving overall health.
2. Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) (https://www.lifestreamgroup.com/bioactive-organic-lingzhi)
Boost Immune System
Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a well-known medicinal mushroom in China and Japan for its immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects. It provides a broad spectrum of immunostimulating activities, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities.
In this clinical trial, male football players on a 28-day “living high-training low” (LHTL) trial were orally administered placebo or Ganoderma lucidum for 6 weeks and their CD4+/CD8+ ratio were determined. CD4+/CD8+ ratio is a reflection of immune health. A normal ratio is between 1 and 4. This ratio tends to decrease if the immune system’s defense against pathogens become weaker.
Due to simultaneous stimuli of physical activity and exposure to hypoxia (low oxygen), a significant decrease in CD4+/CD8+ ratio following the 28-day trial compared to the baseline was observed in placebo group. Nonetheless, oral administration of G. lucidum could help ameliorate the variation of the CD4+/CD8+ in LHTL training. These findings suggest that G. lucidum support healthy immunity of athletes exposed to stressful conditions.
Fight Fatigue
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a group of physical and mental disorders that can reduce quality of life and daily routine of the sufferers. Currently, there is no medical treatment available for the disorders. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, body fatigue, mental fatigue, weakness and stress are indications of Qi and blood deficiency. Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is commonly used to nourish and tonify Qi and blood. Besides, Reishi could also help manage insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep and anxiety.
In this clinical trial, 50 volunteers with chronic fatigue syndrome were orally administered placebo or daily dose of 2g (0.5g four times a day) Ganoderma lucidum extract before meals and bedtime for 12 weeks. The volunteers were then asked to respond to SF-12 questionnaires for quality of life and score the levels of fatigue and VAS, before and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the first dose. Compared to placebo, G. lucidum extract resulted in a significant increase in quality of life and a decrease in VAS scores. Lower VAS scores indicate better quality of life. In addition, satisfaction of volunteers with 12-week G. lucidum extract was significantly higher than those taking placebo. These findings suggest that G. lucidum could be potentially effective in the treatment of fatigue and improve quality of life in those suffering from chronic fatigue.
Potentially Protect against Abnormal Cell Growth
Clinical research has shown the beneficial effects of Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) as an alternative adjuvant therapy in cancer patients, which could be attributed to its stimulatory effect on the host immune system and enhancement in tumor response. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the main components of Reishi that have anti-tumor activating properties on different kinds of immune cells (macrophages, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells), as well as initiating cytokine production.
Study 1: Colorectal tumor
In this clinical trial, patients with colorectal tumor (adenoma) were orally administered Ganoderma lucidum mycelia extract(1.5 g/day) for 12 months and cancer-preventive effects were determined. Administration of G. lucidum extract resulted in decreased number and size of adenomas, whereas control group observed an increment of both number and size of adenomas. These findings suggest that G. lucidum could potentially suppress the development of colorectal adenomas in the large intestines.
Study 2: Prostate cancer
In this in vitro study, the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on human prostate cancer cells were investigated. Results showed that G. lucidum polysaccharides suppressed prostate cancer cell growth and migration. These findings suggestthat G. lucidum polysaccharides may act as a tumor suppressor with potential applications in prostate cancer therapy.
Support Healthy Blood Lipids
Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) has been consumed for its broad medicinal properties in Asia for over 2000 years. It is said to influence the heart and is becoming increasingly popular in western countries as a complementary therapy for cardiovascular health.
In this clinical trial, 26 patients with borderline elevations of blood pressure and/or cholesterol were orally administered 1.44g Ganoderma lucidum daily or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to baseline, administration of G. lucidum resulted in a decrease of triglyceride and increase of HDL-cholesterol, but not with placebo, suggesting its beneficial effects to blood lipids and cardiovascular health.
Improve Liver Health
Reishi or Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is widely known in the treatment of chronic liver disease with little or no side effects, attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties. Among many bioactive compounds in Reishi, triterpenoids and polysaccharides in Reishi have been proven to suppress fatty liver, hepatitis (liver inflammation) and liver fibrosis.
In this clinical trial, 42 healthy middle-aged (40-54 years old) volunteers with mild liver dysfunction (elevated GOT and GPT, as well as fatty liver) were orally administered Ganoderma lucidum after lunch or dinner for 6 months. Consumption of G.lucidum significantly improved the total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and reduced oxidative stress markers TBARS and 8-OH-dG. Ultrasonic examination also showed a notable alteration on hepatic condition by reversing from mild fatty liver condition to normal condition. These findings suggest the antioxidation and liver protective nature of G. lucidum by effectively curbing oxidative stress.
3. Cordyceps sinensis (https://www.lifestreamgroup.com/bioactive-organic-cordyceps)
Improve Physical Performance
Cordyceps is known to boost cellular energy levels by increasing the body’s adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, which is indispensable for delivering energy to the muscles. The increase of oxygen helps improve sports performance.
Study 1:
In this double-blind placebo-controlled prospective clinical trial, 20 healthy elderly (age 50 – 75 years old) were orally administered either 3 Cordyceps sinensis capsules (each 333 mg, 0.5% polysaccharides) or 3 placebo capsules 3 times daily with water or food for a total of 12 weeks. Maximal incremental exercise testing was performed on a stationary cycle ergometer using breath-by-breath analysis at baseline and at the completion of the study.
Administration of cordyceps for 12 weeks resulted in significant improvement in metabolic and ventilatory (breathing and oxygenation of the blood) thresholds, while no significant changes were observed for subjects in the placebo group. This study suggests that supplementation with Cordyceps sinensis improve exercise performance and may contribute to wellness in healthy elderly.
Study 2:
36 healthy men in their 20s were administered cultured Cordyceps sinensis or placebo for 2 weeks and their effects on exhaustive running were compared. Supplementation of the cordyceps resulted in increased energy generation and anti-fatigue effects, suggesting the efficacy of cordyceps in improving performance and endurance during this prolonged exercise.
Support Healthy Immune System
Cordyceps is known to regulate the immune system. It promotes strong immunity by stimulating cells and specific chemicals in the immune system. In addition, Cordyceps also balances immunity and works bi-directionally. It has suppressive effects on overactive immune response. Cordyceps would boost underperforming immune system by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells as well as suppress overactive immune system by regulating the production and activity of white blood cells.
In this in vitro study, the immune-modulating effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract on natural killer cells as well as B and T lymphocytes were determined. Cordyceps extract was found to stimulate proliferation of splenocyte (white blood cells in the spleen) and enhance IFN-ɣ cytokine production in the mouse splenocytes, which plays a crucial role in host defense systems against microbes and viruses. Furthermore, the Cordyceps extract also enhanced the killing activity of natural killer cell lines which plays important roles in immunity against viruses, indicating its immune-modulating activity. The findings suggest the potential use of Cordyceps sinensis extract to boost healthy immune function.
Support Healthy Respiratory System
Cordyceps sinensis has been used for centuries as a tonic to support lung health.
4. Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) (https://www.lifestreamgroup.com/bioactive-organic-abm-ultra)
Protect against Infection
Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a biologically active medicinal mushroom that has been used in traditional medicine and as a health food for prevention against infection and a range of diseases. ABM is rich in immunomodulating polysaccharides and beta-glucans, it helps to stimulate the immune cells, strengthen the immune system to help ward off pathogens.
In this animal test, Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) extract or control was orally administered to some mice prior to infecting them with moderately virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae. Results showed that ABM extract protected the mice against S. pneumoniae, as shown by reduced bacteria in their blood as well as increased survival rate of the mice. This immune protection was suggested to be due to the involvement of ABM in native immune system. These findings suggest that ABM extract may be useful as a natural remedy to protect against bacterial and possibly other infections in humans.
Provide Antioxidant Protection
Many mushrooms, including Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) have been reported to provide antioxidant protection, which enables them to neutralise free radicals. The generation of free radicals can damage the cells, which appear to be a major contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases. Mushroom antioxidant components are found in the fruit bodies and mycelium, these include polysaccharides, phenolics, carotenoids and others.
In this in vitro study, the antioxidant properties of Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) extract were evaluated. ABM extract provides antioxidant protection via three mechanisms. First, it inhibited enzymatic oxidative process, with 100% inhibition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Second, it inhibited cellular oxidative stress, with 80% inhibition of the oxidative burst of a type of white blood cells, known as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Third, it had direction action over reactive species, with 62% and 87% suppression of HOCl and superoxide anion radical, respectively. These findings suggest that ABM extract possesses significant antioxidant activity, indicating its potential application for nutraceutical and medicinal purposes.
Manage Blood Glucose Levels
In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 72 type 2 diabetes patients with extremely high blood glucose levels who having been taking gliclazide and metformin for more than 6 months were orally administered either 1500 mg Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) extract or placebo daily for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, patients received ABM extract showed significantly lower HOMA-IR index, which is an insulin resistance score. High HOMA-IR values indicate low insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance), while low HOMA-IR values indicate high insulin sensitivity.
Adiponectin is a protein hormone and adipokine that is involved in regulating glucose levels. In human, adiponectin levels in blood plasma are significantly lower in insulin-resistant states. In this study, oral administration of ABM extract for 12 weeks resulted in 20% increase in plasma adiponectin concentration, while those taking placebo showed 12% decrease. These findings suggest that ABM extract in combination with metformin and gliclazide reduces insulin resistance among subjects with high, unhealthy blood glucose levels.
Health benefits of Ascophyllum nodosum extract:
Strengthen immune system
Natural killer (NK) cells are immune cells that recognize and kill abnormal cells and produce immune-modulating cytokines. NK cell activity decreases with age, resulting in declined immune function and increasing risk for immune-related diseases, such as abnormal cell growth and infectious diseases.
Study 1:
In this clinical trial, male and female subjects aged 40 to 59 years were orally administered with 100 mg/day Ascophyllum nodosum extract (containing 20 mg Ascophyllan) or placebo for 8 weeks and NK cell activity and serum cytokine levels (IL-12, IFN-ɣ) were determined. Compared to placebo, Ascophyllum nodosum extract showed greater NK cell activity, IL-12, IFN-ɣ levels. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract in activating the immune system, which may support immune health in aging individuals.
Study 2:
In this study, the effect of ascophyllan on the activation of mouse natural killer (NK) cells in vivo and in vitro and compared it to that of fucoidan, a well-studied natural marine polysaccharide. Results showed that administration of ascophyllan to C57BL/6 mice increased the number of NK cells in the spleen when compared to the number in PBS-treated mice. Besides, ascophyllan treatment increased the cytotoxicity of NK cells against mouse abnormal cells (Yac-1). Compared to fucoidan, the effects of ascophyllan on NK cell activation were considerably stronger than those of fucoidan. These findings demonstrate that ascophyllan promotes NK cell activation both in mice and in vitro, and its stimulatory effect on NK cells is stronger than that of fucoidan.
Dendritic cells are important immune cells that detect and capture foreign invaders like viruses, bacteria, as well as abnormal cells. They kick-start the immune response by presenting pieces of the pathogen to other immune cells, triggering an immune defense.
Ascophyllan is reported to help activate dendritic cells and these activated dendritic cells have stronger and more efficient antigen-presenting ability compared to non-activated ones.
Study 3:
In this study, the effects of ascophyllan, a polysaccharide purified from Ascophyllum nodosum, on the maturation of mouse dendritic cells (DCs) were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Ascophyllan treatment resulted in the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). Furthermore, in vivo administration of ascophyllan led to increased expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC class I, and MHC class II, along with elevated levels of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α in splenic DCs. Notably, ascophyllan induced a greater degree of co-stimulatory molecule expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (which help activate various immune cells to defense the body against infections) compared to fucoidan, another marine-derived polysaccharide known to promote DC maturation. Additionally, ascophyllan enhanced the generation of IFN-γ-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells in an IL-12-dependent manner in the presence of DCs. These findings demonstrate that ascophyllan promotes DC maturation and subsequently augments Th1 and Tc1 immune responses in vivo, highlighting its potential to support immune defenses.
Study 4:
In this study, human immune cells, known as human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) were treated with PBS (control), 50 μg/mL ascophyllan (asco) or 50 μg/mL fucoidan (fuco) for 24 h and culture medium was harvested. Results showed that treatment with ascophyllan increases the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in culture medium drastically. Moreover, ascophyllan promoted phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK signaling pathways, and inhibition of p38 almost completely. These can have beneficial effects for controlling abnormal cell proliferation, survival, and migration. These findings suggest that ascophyllan could be used as an immune stimulator in humans.
Cytokines such as TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor), are small proteins secreted by immune cells to help boost immune responses. TNF-α is a key cytokine that plays an important role in promoting apoptosis (cell death) of abnormal cells. Higher levels of TNF-α are associated with increased induction of apoptosis in these cells, making it a potential target for therapy for abnormal cells. Meanwhile, G-CSF stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes, particularly neutrophils, and enhances their function. Neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, play a role in the immune response by attacking and destroying abnormal cells.
Study 5:
In this study, abnormal cells U937 (a type of cells widely used to study immune system, inflammation, and abnormal cell growth) were treated with ascophyllan and the concentration of cytokines (TNF-α, G-CSF) in supernatant were quantified using specific ELISA kit assay. Results showed that ascophyllan stimulates cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its efficacy in managing growth of abnormal cells.
Supports respiratory immune function
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a common bacterium that can cause pneumonia, a lung infection that can lead to symptoms such as cough, fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and fatigue. This infection can cause severe illness in vulnerable populations, such as elderly, young children and those with weakened immune system.
Study 1:
In this study, mice were intranasally inoculated with S. pneumoniae and orally administered low-dose (167 mg/kg/day) Ascophyllan HS, high-dose (500 mg/kg/day) Ascophyllum nodosum extract or control (distilled water) for 21 days (starts from 7 days before S. pneumoniae inoculation until 14 days after inoculation). Results showed that Ascophyllum nodosum extract increased survival rate in severe pneumonia model, with high dose Ascophyllum nodosum extract resulted in 100% survival rate. Additionally, histopathological examination of lung showed severe lung inflammation in control group, while no remarkable changes in lung tissue in both low-dose and high-dose Ascophyllum nodosum extract groups compared to normal lung tissues. Besides, Ascophyllum nodosum extract increased serum IL-12 cytokine levels, indicating activation of immune cells. These findings suggest administration of Ascophyllum nodosum extract before infection helps stimulate immune cells, demonstrating its support for respiratory immune function.
Study 2:
In this study, mice were intranasally inoculated with S. pneumoniae and orally administered low-dose (167 mg/kg/day) Ascophyllum nodosum extract, high-dose (500 mg/kg/day) Ascophyllum nodosum extract or control (distilled water) for 21 days (starts from 7 days before S. pneumoniae inoculation until 4 days after inoculation). The mice were then sacrificed, lungs were harvested and the number of viable S. pneumoniae bacteria in the lungs were determined. Results showed that the number of viable S. pneumoniae bacteria in the lungs decreased in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the ability of Ascophyllum nodosum extract in suppressing the growth of S. pneumoniae.
Supports normal cell function
Study 1:
In this study, mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with varying concentrations of ascophyllan, fucoidan isolated from A. nodosum (A-fucoidan), and fucoidan from Sigma (S-fucoidan) as a representative fucoidan derived from other source (Fucus vesiculosus) for 18 hours and the levels of NO and cytokines (TNF-α and G-CSF) in the culture medium were measured. Results showed that ascophyllan induced the production of NO, TNF-α, and G-CSF by peritoneal macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, and the activities were higher than those of fucoidans. These findings suggest that ascophyllan activates the immune response, enhances the body’s ability to fight illnesses and promotes the production and activation of immune cells, contributing to overall immune system strengthening.
Study 2:
Abnormal cells (U937) were incubated with ascophyllan (an extract from Ascophyllum nodosum) and fucoidan to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation. Cell counts were performed, and the growth inhibition rate was calculated relative to untreated control cells. The results demonstrated that ascophyllan significantly inhibited the proliferation of the abnormal cells and induced apoptosis (cell death). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of ascophyllan was stronger than that of fucoidan. These findings suggest that ascophyllan possesses cytotoxic activity against abnormal cells, potentially through apoptosis induction.
Study 3:
Ascophyllan and Ascophyllum nodosum extract (a crude extract) were administered orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day to sarcoma-180 (S-180) solid tumor-transplanted mice for 16 days. Treatment began 4 days prior to tumor transplantation and continued for 12 days post-transplantation. After the 16-day administration period, blood samples and tumors were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that tumor volumes in mice treated with Ascophyllan and Ascophyllum nodosum extract were reduced compared to the control group. These findings suggest that Ascophyllan exhibits potential immune-supporting effects.
Analysis of serum cytokines showed that oral administration of Ascophyllan significantly increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-12. These findings suggest that Ascophyllan does not exert a direct cytotoxic effect on S-180 tumor cells in vivo. Instead, it is proposed that Ascophyllan exerts a potential role in supporting the immune system.
Supports metabolic health as part of a healthy lifestyle
Certain natural compounds can positively influence metabolic health by interacting with various organs involved in appetite regulation, digestion, and blood sugar control. For example, they may help reduce appetite and support a feeling of fullness by acting on the brain, or slow gastric emptying to prolong satiety. Additionally, these compounds may support healthy insulin function and post-meal blood glucose levels by influencing the pancreas.
Study 1:
In an in vitro study, Ascophyllum nodosum extract was applied to cultured intestinal cells, and results showed a significant increase in the secretion of key signaling molecules involved in metabolic regulation. In a separate clinical study, 10 volunteers (aged 22 to 53 years) were given 100 mg/day of Ascophyllum nodosum extract orally for 8 weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the ingestion of 30 g of glucose. The results showed that participants who consumed Ascophyllum nodosum extract experienced significantly lower blood glucose levels compared to those in the placebo group. In an in vitro study, Ascophyllum nodosum extract was applied to cultured intestinal cells, and results showed a significant increase in the secretion of key signaling molecules involved in metabolic regulation. In a separate clinical study, 10 volunteers (aged 22 to 53 years) were given 100 mg/day of Ascophyllum nodosum extract orally for 8 weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the ingestion of 30 g of glucose. The results showed that participants who consumed Ascophyllum nodosum extract experienced significantly lower blood glucose levels compared to those in the placebo group.
Study 2:
In this clinical study, 12 men and women, aged 40 to 59 years, were orally administered 100 mg of Ascophyllum nodosum extract daily for 8 weeks, and changes in weight were monitored. When combined with lifestyle modifications, the intake of Ascophyllum nodosum extract may support healthy weight management.
Supports oral health
Study 1:
In this clinical study, adults with moderate to heavy calculus formation since their last yearly recall visit were orally administered 500 mg dried marine alga (Ascophyllum nodosum) powder or control over a 6-month period. Compared to control, there was 52% reduction in mean calculus and less calculus formation in the alga group. Additionally, alga group showed significantly less plaque and gingival bleeding. Daily consumption of the alga Ascophyllum nodosum, alongside regular oral hygiene practices, significantly reduced the formation of supragingival calculus and plaque. Besides, the calculus observed in the alga group was more porous, less solid structure, and easier to remove compared to that in the control group. These findings suggest Ascophyllum nodosum alga intake is beneficial to oral health.
Study 2:
In this study, dogs were orally administered with edible treats containing the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum or placebo for 90 days and the effects on oral health were determined after 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment. Compared to placebo, oral administration of edible treats containing A. nodosum significantly improved plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI), volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration and exhibited better oral health status (e.g., OHI and GBI). Additionally, consumption of edible treats containing A. nodosum efficiently decreased plaque and calculus accumulation in the dogs. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of A. nodosum on oral health.
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